GW250114

GW250114 was a black hole merger detected by LIGO on January 14, 2025.^[2][3] It generated the clearest gravitational wave signal received to date, with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of about 77-80,^{[4][5][failed verification]} far clearer than the 42 SNR of the previous best gravitational wave observation (of GW230814).^[1] It identified (with a 4.1‍σ level of significance) the first overtone of the Kerr solution for a rotating black hole.^[6] The findings were corroborated in a September 2025 scientific article.^[1]

The discovery is experimental confirmation of Stephen Hawking's "area theorem", discovered in the 1970s by Hawking and Roger Penrose, which states that even though black holes lose energy from gravitational waves and increasing angular momentum ("spin"), which can reduce surface area, the total surface area of two merged black holes must increase or remain the same.^[7]

LIGO mixes observation runs with facility upgrades. Each run is typically split into two or three subruns, for smaller fixes. The fourth observation run (O4) ran (O4a) from May 24, 2023, until January 16, 2024, then (O4b) from April 10, 2024 until January 28, 2025, and a third subrun begun on June 11, 2025, scheduled to end November 2025. GW250114 was detected near the end of the O4b subrun.^[3]

On January 14, 2025, both of LIGO's interferometers (one in Hanford, Washington and one in Livingston, Louisiana) were operating, but those of its partners Virgo and KAGRA were not. Just after 08:22:03 UTC, the LIGO interferometers registered nearly identical gravitational wave signals, with parts of the signal having SNR above 10σ.^[1]

The signal matched that of two black holes, one of mass 33.6+1.2
−0.8 M_☉ and the other of mass 32.2+0.8
−1.3 M_☉, with merged mass 62.7+1.0
−1.1 M_☉. The energy released was 2.3+2
−2 M_☉c².^{[1][failed verification]}

Both were low-spin, at most circa 0.25 of the maximum possible spin. The merged spin was 0.68+0.01
−0.01 of the maximum possible spin.^[1]

Two black hole mergers detected 10 years apart. Illustrates the reduction in noise achieved by upgrades during that time.

GW250114's measurement has a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 80, achieved by combination of both LIGO detectors' record SNR measurements and much cleaner than the SNR of 26 from the first observation of a gravitational wave (GW150914) a decade earlier.^[1] Noise reduction accelerates the rate at which new black hole mergers are discovered, and captures detailed data that expand the scope of what is learned about the fundamental properties of black holes.^[8]

As a new black hole stabilizes, it emits reverberating gravitational waves, a stage called its ringdown. Through the pitch and decay of the signal's overtones, a black hole's mass and spin can be observationally measured. While scientists were unable to distinguish the ringdown from the black holes' collision with the far-fainter 2015 signal, they were able to with GW250114, resulting from data with a far higher SNR.^[1]

Previous observations of black hole mergers, from the original 2015 black hole merger and later^[9] have been consistent with the no-hair theorem and Hawking area theorem. However, the low signal-to-noise ratio of these signals meant that more precise conclusions were not possible. The much-improved signal-to-noise ratio of LIGO has made it possible to start claiming confirmation for these theoretical predictions.

Artist's depiction of a black hole merger

Black holes, in Einstein's general relativity, are completely characterized by their mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. Astrophysical black holes have a mass measured in solar masses, where the mass of the Sun is taken as one solar mass. The angular momentum is measured in "spin".^[10] This dimensionless spin parameter is between 0 and 1,^[11] where 0 denotes zero angular momentum, and 1 denotes the maximum angular momentum possible for the given mass. The electric charge is so small for astrophysical black holes that it can be treated as 0.^[12] When the charge and spin are zero, the black hole is described by the Schwarzschild metric, a formula with one free parameter, the mass. When only the charge is zero, the black hole is described by the Kerr metric, which depends on two parameters, the mass and the spin. Charged versions of these are known, but are usually considered to be of no astrophysical significance.^[13]

In contrast, a neutron star's gravitational field is sensitive to the exact internal assemblage of the interior neutron matter, and even more, conjecturally could have tiny "mountains" (a few centimeters tall) that would radiate gravitational waves if the neutron star were spinning (a gravitational "pulsar").^[14] The assertion that a single black hole in an otherwise empty universe is completely described by its mass, spin, and charge is known as the "no-hair theorem".^[15][16]

Deviations from it are possible, but only under extreme conditions. A binary black hole collision and merger is one such situation. From just before the collision to shortly after the merger, a complicated geometry is present, but it quickly "vibrates" off the "hair", sending out gravitational waves and settling down to a no-hair black hole. Like all waves, these can be described in terms of a fundamental vibration modified by higher frequency, lesser amplitude overtones.^[17][18]

Although it has been possible since 2005 to calculate what happens in any given merger (using methods developed by Frans Pretorius and others),^[17][19] no abstract solution is known.^[20] In the 1970s, Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking found mathematical proofs that describe what is inherent in Einstein's field equations.^[21][7] The merging of black holes has multiple factors, such as losing energy in the form of gravitational waves, and increasing its spin (which can reduce the surface area). Despite these competing factors, Hawking proved mathematically the total surface area of the merged black hole must still grow in size, proving his "area theorem".^[7] This similarity is key in ongoing attempts to develop a theory of quantum gravity.^[22]

Whereas the two black holes had a total surface area of about 240000 square kilometers (around the size of the United Kingdom), the final black hole sized about 400000 square kilometers (around the size of Sweden).^[22]

The LIGO Livingston Observatory in 2009

Gravitational-wave astronomy is based on matching a detected interferometer signal with waveform computations simulating black hole collisions (or other wave emitting scenarios).^[23] In particular, LIGO and Virgo have strongly limited non-Einsteinian theories of gravitation. There is the technical caveat that in many of these theories, no one actually knows what they predict in a black hole collision, only the broad outline of what gravitational radiation could look like. Nevertheless, seeing new details of the Einsteinian predictions are considered strong confirmations.^[24] Before GW250114, confirmations of the broad aspects of black holes in general relativity had been found, and a useful catalog of black hole masses obtained. Upgrades to LIGO for O4 enabled a greater precision in identifying signals, which has led to greater precision in the corresponding waveform analysis. One saw hints of Kerr overtones and the Hawking area theorem, but the error bars prevented any definite claim.^[25]

GW250114 was loud enough that the first Kerr overtone was seen with high confidence, and higher overtones with some. The Hawking area theorem, in this case asserting that the merged area is greater than the sum of the two colliding black holes' areas, was confirmed.^[25] Astrophysicist Maximiliano Isi stated that GW250114 is "some of the strongest evidence yet that astrophysical black holes are the black holes predicted from Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity".^[26] The merger was the clearest ever detected at the time of discovery.^[27]

• First observation of gravitational waves
• GW231123, another large gravitational-wave event detected two years earlier
• List of gravitational wave observations