Simple and flexible programming language for applications development

• Applications programming language.
• Productivity and developing high quality solutions that can scale.
• Small and flexible language that can be embedded in C/C++ projects.
• Simple language that can be used in education and introducing Compiler/VM concepts.
• General-Purpose language that can be used for creating domain-specific libraries, frameworks and tools.
• Practical language designed for creating the next version of the Programming Without Coding Technology software.

Ring is a very simple language, and has a very straightforward syntax. It encourages programmers to program without boilerplate code.
To print something using the standard output, We can use the 'See' command.

see "Hello, World!"

The Main function is optional and will be executed after the statements, and is useful for using the local scope.

func main see "Hello, World!"

Uses Dynamic Typing and Lexical scoping.
Also we can use the '+' operator for string concatenation.

nCount = 10 # Global variable func main nID = 1 # Local variable see "Count = " + nCount + nl + " ID = " + nID

Ring is not case-sensitive

see "Enter your name ? " give name see "Hello " + Name # Name is the same as name

The list index starts from 1

aList = ["one","two","three"] see aList[1] # print one

Call functions before definition

one() two() three() func one see "One" func two see "two" func three see "three"

The assignment operator uses Deep copy (no references in this operation)

aList = ["one","two","three"] aList2 = aList aList[1] = 1 see alist[1] # print 1 see aList2[1] # print one

Pass numbers and strings by value, but pass lists and objects by reference.
The for in loop can update the list items.

func main aList = [1,2,3] update(aList) see aList # print one two three func update aList for x in aList switch x on 1 x = "one" on 2 x = "two" on 3 x = "three" off next

Using Lists during definition

aList = [ [1,2,3,4,5] , aList[1] , aList[1] ] see aList # print 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Exit from more than one loop

for x = 1 to 10 for y = 1 to 10 see "x=" + x + " y=" + y + nl if x = 3 and y = 5 exit 2 # exit from 2 loops ok next next

The language encourage organization, Forget bad days using languages where the programmer start with function then class then function and a strange mix between things!

Each source file follow the next structure

• Load Files
• Statements and Global Variables
• Functions
• Packages and Classes

This enable us to use Packages, Classes and Functions without the need to use a keyword to end these components.

We can write one line comments and multi-line comments
The comment starts with # or //
Multi-line comments are written between /* and */

/* Program Name : My first program using Ring Author : Ring Team */ see "What is your name? " # print message on screen give cName # get input from the user see "Hello " + cName # say hello! // See "End of Program!"

Ring contains only four (4) types that represent the program data. These types are (String, Number, List & Object). The idea is to have many use cases for each type which increase the flexibility and the ability to write functions that are more usable in different situations.

The String type is used to represent:

• One character
• A string of many characters
• Multi-line string
• Binary Data

cStr1 = "a" # One character cStr2 = "Hello, World!" # A string of many characters cStr3 = "Hello Welcome to the Ring language! " # Multi-line string cStr4 = read(EXEFileName()) # Read executable file (Binary Data)

The Number type is used to represent

• Boolean Values
• Signed/Unsigned Integers
• Float/Double

nNum1 = True # Boolean Value (1) nNum2 = False # Boolean Value (0) nNum3 = 10 # Integer nNum4 = -10 # Signed Integer nNum5 = 1250.11 # Float/Double

The List type is used instead of

• One Dimension Arrays
• Multi-Dimension Arrays
• Lists of multiple types
• Nested Lists
• Hash Tables (Key & Value)
• Tree
• Wrapper around a C Pointer

aList1 = ["one","two","three"] # Strings aList2 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] # Numbers aList3 = ["Ring",1234] # Multiple types aList4 = [["Fayed","Egypt"],["Mansour","Tunisia"]] # Nested Lists aList5 = [ :name = "Fayed", :country = "Egypt"] # Hash Tables

The Object type is used to represent objects created from classes

Using classes and operator overloading we can create custom types

The language is not line sensitive, you don't need to write ; after statements, also you don't need to press ENTER or TAB, so we can write the next code

see "The First Message" see " Another message in the same line! " + nl see "Enter your name?" give Name see "Hello " + Name

The next code create a class called Point contains three attributes X,Y and Z. No keywords is used to end the package/class/function definition. Also, we can write the attributes names directly below the class name.

class Point X Y Z

We can use classes and functions before their definition, In this example we will create new object, set the object attributes then print the object values.

o1 = new point o1.x=10 o1.y=20 o1.z=30 see O1 class Point X Y Z

Instead of using the dot '.' operator to access the object attributes and methods we can use braces { } to access the object, then we can use the object attributes and methods.

o1 = new point { x=10 y=20 z=30 } see O1 class Point X Y Z

Now we will call a method after accessing the object using { }

oPerson = new Person { Name = "Somebody" Address = "Somewhere" Phone = "0000000" Print() # here we call the Print() method } class Person Name Address Phone func Print see "Name :" + name + nl + "Address :" + Address + nl + "Phone : " + phone + nl

When we use { } to access the object then write any attribute name, the language will check the class for any setter/getter methods that will be called automatically.

new Number { see one # Execute GetOne() see two # Execute GetTwo() see three # Execute GetThree() } class Number one two three func GetOne see "Number : One" + nl return 1 func GetTwo see "Number : Two" + nl return 2 func GetThree see "Number : Three" + nl return 3

Ring comes with many styles for writing your source code. Also, You can change the language keywords and operators and create your custom style!

• The First Style

? "Welcome to Ring! " new test { start() } class Test x=10 y=20 func start ? "x+y=" + (x+y) for t=1 to 10 ? "t = " + t if t=3 ? "Three" ok next

The Second Style

def main put "Welcome to Ring! " + nl new test { start() } end class Test x = 10 y = 20 def start put "x+y=" + (x+y) + nl for t=1 to 10 put "t = " + t + nl if t=3 put "Three" + nl end end end end

The Third Style

load "stdlib.ring" func main() { print("Welcome to Ring! \n") new test { start() } } class Test { x = 10 y = 20 func start { print("x+y=" + (x+y) + "\n") for t=1 to 10 { print("t = " + t + " \n") if t=3 { print("Three \n") } } } }

Change Keywords

ChangeRingKeyword See Print Print "Hello, World!" ChangeRingKeyword Print See See "Hello, World!" ChangeRingKeyword See Show Show "Hello, World!"

After the object access using { } if the class contains a method called BraceEnd() it will be executed!

TimeForFun = new journey # The first surprise! TimeForFun { Hello it is me # What a beautiful programming world! } # Our Class class journey hello it is me func GetHello ? "Hello" func braceEnd ? "Goodbye!"

We can execute code written in strings using the Eval() function

cCode = "See 'Code that will be executed later!' " Eval(cCode) # execute the code to print the message

We can create a list then execute code generated from that list

aWords = ["hello","it","is","me"] for word in aWords cCode=word+"=0" eval(cCode) next

We can read text files using the Read(cFileName) function and we can write files using the Write(cFileName,cString) function.

see "Enter File Name:" give cFileName see read(cFileName) # Print the file content

The next example presents how to create a class that defines two instructions
The first instruction is : I want window
The second instruction is : Window title = Expression
Also keywords that can be ignored like the **the** keyword

new App { I want window The window title = "hello world" } class App # Attributes for the instruction I want window i want window nIwantwindow = 0 # Attributes for the instruction Window title # Here we don't define the window attribute again title nWindowTitle = 0 # Keywords to ignore the func geti if nIwantwindow = 0 nIwantwindow++ ok func getwant if nIwantwindow = 1 nIwantwindow++ ok func getwindow if nIwantwindow = 2 nIwantwindow= 0 ? "Instruction : I want window" ok if nWindowTitle = 0 nWindowTitle++ ok func settitle cValue if nWindowTitle = 1 nWindowTitle=0 ? "Instruction : Window Title = " + cValue ok

To complete the previous example, use read() to get the content of a file that contains

I want window The window title = "hello world"

Then use eval() to execute the content of that file!.
Also, you can update the methods GetWindow() and SetTitle() to create Real windows using the GUI Library

We learned how to use Natural statements to execute our code and using the same features we can use nested structures to execute our code.

The next example from the Web library, generate HTML document using the Bootstrap library. No HTML code is written directly in this example, we created a similar language (just as example) Then using this declarative language that uses nested structures, we generated the HTML Document..
The idea in this example is that the GetDiv() and GetH1() methods return an object that we can access using {} and after each object access the method BraceEnd() will be executed to send the generated HTML to the parent object until we reach to the root where BraceEnd() will print the output.

load "weblib.ring" import System.Web func Main BootStrapWebPage() { div { classname = :container div { classname = :jumbotron H1 { text("Bootstrap Page") } } div { classname = :row for x = 1 to 3 div { classname = "col-sm-4" H3 { html("Welcome to the Ring programming language") } P { html("Using a scripting language is very fun!") } } next } } }

The classes that power the declarative interface looks like this

class Link from ObjsBase title link func braceend cOutput = nl+GetTabs() + " "+ Title + " " + nl class Div from ObjsBase func braceend cOutput += nl+'

" + nl cOutput = TabMLString(cOutput)