Why Does the Universe Exist? CERN Just Found a Clue

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Data availability

LHCb data used in this analysis will be released according to the LHCb external data access policy, which can be downloaded from https://opendata.cern.ch/record/410/files/LHCb-Data-Policy.pdf. The raw data used for Figs. 1–3 and Extended Data Figs. 1–3 can be downloaded from https://cds.cern.ch/record/2927827. No access codes are required.

Code availability

Software and code that is associated with this publication and that is publicly available is referenced within the publication content. Specific analysis software or code used to produce the results shown in the publication is preserved within the LHCb Collaboration internally and can be provided on reasonable request, provided it does not contain information that can be associated with unpublished results.

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Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at the LHCb institutes. We acknowledge support from CERN and from the national agencies: ARC (Australia); CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ and FINEP (Brazil); MOST and NSFC (China); CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG and MPG (Germany); INFN (Italy); NWO (Netherlands); MNiSW and NCN (Poland); MCID/IFA (Romania); MICIU and AEI (Spain); SNSF and SER (Switzerland); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); and DOE NP and NSF (USA). We acknowledge the computing resources provided by ARDC (Australia); CBPF (Brazil); CERN, IHEP and LZU (China); IN2P3 (France); KIT and DESY (Germany); INFN (Italy); SURF (Netherlands); Polish WLCG (Poland); IFIN-HH (Romania); PIC (Spain); CSCS (Switzerland); and GridPP (United Kingdom). We are indebted to the communities behind the various open-source software packages on which we depend. Individual groups or members have received support from Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS, CAS PIFI, CAS CCEPP, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Sci. & Tech. Program of Guangzhou (China); Minciencias (Colombia); EPLANET, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, ERC and NextGenerationEU (European Union); A*MIDEX, ANR, IPhU and Labex P2IO, and Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (France); Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation (Germany); ICSC (Italy); Severo Ochoa and María de Maeztu Units of Excellence, GVA, XuntaGal, GENCAT, InTalent-Inditex and Prog. Atracción Talento CM (Spain); SRC (Sweden); and the Leverhulme Trust, the Royal Society and UKRI (United Kingdom). Unaffiliated authors are affiliated with an institute formerly covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN.

Funding

Open access funding provided by CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).

Author information

Author notes

U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca
Present address: Lamarr Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Dortmund, Germany
A. Anelli, M. Borsato, M. Calvi, P. Carniti, D. Fazzini, V. S. Kirsebom, M. Martinelli, A. Minotti, M. Pizzichemi & M. Salomoni
Present address: Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
F. Archilli
Present address: Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
L. Buonincontri, L. Giambastiani, D. Lucchesi, G. Simi & D. Zuliani
Present address: Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
R. Calabrese, V. Cavallini, E. Franzoso, C. Giugliano, E. Luppi, S. Okamura, B. Passalacqua & L. Tomassetti
Present address: Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
P. Camargo Magalhaes & S. Ghizzo
Present address: Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Madrid, Spain
A. Carbone, R. Cardinale, F. Ferrari, M. Fiorini, D. Galli, C. Patrignani, A. Petrolini, A. Sergi, E. Spadaro Norella & Y. Yang
Present address: Università di Bologna, Bologne, Italy
S. Cesare
Present address: Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
H. Chang, C. Dong, G. Gong, X. Hu, Y. Kang, A. Li, C. Li, Z. Lian, G. M. Ma, F. M. Meng, H. Mu, X. Pan, N. Qin, S. Qu, Y. Song, Y. Tan, D. Y. Tou, J. Wang, Z. Wang, L. Xu, M. Zeng, L. Zhang, Y. Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Z. Zheng & X. Zhu
Present address: Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
C. De Angelis, F. Dettori, G. Manca, R. Oldeman, D. Provenzano & B. Saitta
Present address: Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
M. De Serio, M. Pappagallo & S. Simone
Present address: Università di Bari, Bari, Italy
L. Fantini & G. Martelli
Present address: Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
F. I. Giasemis
Present address: LIP6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
E. Graverini, F. Lazzari & G. Punzi
Present address: Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
J. He
Present address: Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
N. Kleijne, M. J. Morello & D. Riccardi
Present address: Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
C. Lucarelli
Present address: Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
A. Lupato & F. Redi
Present address: Università di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
D. A. Milanes
Present address: Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología (UTEC), Lima, Peru
F. Paciolla & F. Terzuoli
Present address: Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
C. Satriano
Present address: Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
C. B. Van Hulse
Present address: Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
M. Veltri
Present address: Università di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
Deceased: A. Brossa Gonzalo

Authors and Affiliations

Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
R. Aaij, K. Akiba, A. Biolchini, C. S. Bolognani, M. Burgos Marcos, D. H. Campora Perez, E. Chatzianagnostou, X. Chiotopoulos, J. de Boer, K. De Bruyn, J. A. de Vries, T. Evans, E. Gabriel, M. D. Galati, L. M. Greeven, W. Hulsbergen, E. Jans, T. Ketel, P. Koppenburg, I. Kostiuk, M. Lucio Martinez, V. Lukashenko, D. Magdalinski, D. Martinez Gomez, M. Merk, W. Morren, M. Mulder, D. Nicotra, C. J. G. Onderwater, C. J. Pawley, A. Pellegrino, A. Perrevoort, J. Ruiz Vidal, A. Sarnatskiy, Z. Shen, A. Snoch, N. Tuning, M. van Veghel & K. Vos
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb, F. Abudinén, J. J. Back, T. Blake, A. Davidson, T. Gershon, L. Grazette, G. Hallett, R. D. L. Henderson, R. J. Hunter, T. P. Jones, M. Kreps, T. Latham, M. Lehuraux, M. Monk, E. Muhammad, B. Pagare, L. Paolucci, R. I. Rabadan Trejo, M. Ramos Pernas, N. Skidmore, M. Vesterinen, E. J. Walton, J. A. Ward, M. Xu & V. Zhovkovska
Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
C. Abellan Beteta, M. Andersson, P. Andreola, R. Bernet, C. Betancourt, Ia. Bezshyiko, D. C. Craik, V. Denysenko, M. Ferrillo, G. Hijano Mendizabal, K. Müller, P. Owen, S. Qasim, T. Senger, N. Serra, O. Steinkamp, W. Sutcliffe & G. Vasquez
Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
T. Ackernley, J. Baptista de Souza Leite, E. Bottalico, T. J. V. Bowcock, J. Brown, G. Casse, A. J. Chadwick, J. Hammerich, K. Hennessy, N. Howarth, D. Hutchcroft, H. Lee, P. Naik, R. N. Pilato, K. Rinnert, E. Rodrigues, S. Scherl, T. Shears & E. Vilella Figueras
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
A. A. Adefisoye, C. A. Aidala, D. Andreou, M. Artuso, J. Bartz, S. Blusk, I. Chahrour, S. Ding, A. D. Dowling, J. Eschle, D. S. Fitzgerald, B. Khanji, W. Krupa, X. Liang, B. Mack, L. M. Mackey, C. Matteuzzi, E. F. Molina Cardenas, R. Mountain, C. Nunez, A. Paul, H. Pham, M. Ramírez García, M. S. Rudolph, D. M. Shangase, R. S. Sharma, J. D. Shupperd, R. Silva Coutinho, T. Skwarnicki, F. L. Souza De Almeida & H. Wu
Instituto Galego de Fsica de Altas Enerxas (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
B. Adeva, P. Baladron Rodriguez, C. Barbero Pretel, S. Belin, A. Brossa Gonzalo, J. I. Cambon Bouzas, L. Carcedo Salgado, X. Cid Vidal, M. Fernandez Gomez, A. Gallas Torreira, C. Landesa Gomez, S. López Soliño, A. Morcillo Gomez, J. Novoa Fernandez, A. Pereiro Castro, M. Plo Casasus, E. Rodriguez Fernandez, A. Romero Vidal, R. A. Ruiz Fernandez, J. J. Saborido Silva, C. Santamarina Rios, S. Sellam, V. Valcarce Cadenas, C. B. Van Hulse, P. Vazquez Regueiro & M. Vieites Diaz
H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
M. Adinolfi, J. L. Amey, J. Cottee Meldrum, Z. Ghorbanimoghaddam, R. Lane, A. M. Marshall, C. Normand, K. Petridis, J. H. Rademacker, J. Reich, A. Solomin, J. J. Velthuis, R. Wang, B. D. C. Westhenry & Z. Williams
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
P. Adlarson, L. Eklund & A. Kupsc
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
P. Adlarson, M. Alexander, N. Cooke, A. D. Docheva, L. Eklund, L. Grillo, A. Kupsc, N. T. McHugh, H. N. Nur, G. Robertson, M. Schiller, F. J. P. Soler, P. Spradlin & M. Whitehead
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France
C. Agapopoulou, Y. Amhis, S. Barsuk, P. B. Battista, O. Bezshyyko, F. C. Glaser, L. Golinka-Bezshyyko, M. Hartmann, G. Khreich, F. Machefert, G. Pietrzyk, P. Robbe, M. H. Schune, Y. Shimizu, Z. Wang, G. Wormser & V. Yeroshenko
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
C. A. Aidala, I. Chahrour, D. S. Fitzgerald, E. F. Molina Cardenas, C. Nunez, M. Ramírez García & D. M. Shangase
Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Z. Ajaltouni, S. Akar, E. Cogneras, J. Daniel, O. Deschamps, L. Guerry, Y. Hou, C. Kar, R. Lefèvre, T. Miralles, S. Monteil, P. Perret & V. Tisserand
INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
P. Albicocco, G. Bencivenni, S. Cali, P. Campana, V. Chulikov, P. Ciambrone, E. De Lucia, P. De Simone, P. Di Nezza, M. Giovannetti, G. Lanfranchi, E. Minucci, G. Morello, M. Palutan, M. Pepe Altarelli, M. Poli Lener, M. Rotondo, M. Santimaria, F. Sborzacchi & B. Sciascia
Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
J. Albrecht, L. Balzani, M. Becker, N. A. Behling, M. S. Bieker, J. E. Blank, J. A. Boelhauve, N. Breer, M. Colonna, F. De Vellis, H.-P. Dembinski, J. Ellbracht, Q. Führing, L. L. Gerken, J. A. Gooding, V. Jevtic, L. Kolk, J. Langer, S. Maccolini, G. Meier, M. Mikhasenko, B. Mitreska, D. S. Mitzel, L. Moeser, M. Olocco, D. Osthues, D. Parmar, J. Roensch, D. L. Rolf, A. Scarabotto, N. Schulte, I. Segal, A. Seuthe, J. G. Speer, M. Stahl, H. Stevens, L. Toscano, J. Wagner, D. Wiedner & L. Witola
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
F. Alessio, A. Anelli, S. Arguedas Cuendis, N. Bondar, A. Bordelius, F. Borgato, A. Boyer, C. Burr, J. Buytaert, W. Byczynski, M. Cattaneo, G. Cavallero, Ph. Charpentier, G. Ciezarek, P. Cifra, M. Clemencic, J. Closier, V. Coco, P. Collins, T. Colombo, G. Corti, B. Couturier, E. Dall’Occo, C. D’Ambrosio, F. De Benedetti, B. Dey, L. Dufour, P. Durante, O. D. Durmus, L. Fantini, M. Ferro-Luzzi, R. Forty, M. Frank, C. Frei, J. Garca Pardiñas, C. Gaspar, V. V. Gligorov, A. Golutvin, L. A. Granado Cardoso, Y. Guz, T. Gys, C. Haen, M. M. Halvorsen, X. Han, F. Hemmer, A. M. Hennequin, R. Jacobsson, S. J. Jaimes Elles, S. Jakobsen, B. Jost, N. Jurik, M. Karacson, F. Keizer, S. Kholodenko, P. Kopciewicz, D. Lacarrere, F. Lazzari, E. Lemos Cid, E. D. Lesser, R. Lindner, R. Litvinov, L. Malentacca, S. Mariani, L. Martinazzoli, R. Matev, A. Mathad, T. Mombächer, A. B. Morris, T. Nanut, N. Neufeld, J. Nicolini, E. M. Niel, R. H. O’Neil, T. Pajero, A. Papanestis, D. Passaro, A. Perro, F. Pisani, M. Pizzichemi, T. Poeschl, S. Ponce, D. Popov, R. Quagliani, P. Robbe, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez, P. Roloff, D. Sahoo, M. Salomoni, A. Saputi, F. Sborzacchi, H. Schindler, B. Schmidt, A. Sciuccati, M. Singha, V. Sriskaran, F. Stagni, S. Stahl, E. N. Stein, F. Terzuoli, F. Teubert, E. Thomas, M. Tobin, A. Upadhyay, N. Valls Canudas, J. van Eldik, M. Wang, M. Waterlaat, M. J. Williams, K. Wyllie & Z. Xu
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Z. Aliouche, R. J. Barlow, A. Bitadze, S. Borghi, A. T. Burke, J. E. Davies, O. De Aguiar Francisco, S. De Capua, E. Ejopu, C. Fitzpatrick, L. F. Foreman, G. Frau, D. A. Friday, B. Ganie, E. Gersabeck, L. Girardey, J. Horswill, L. Li, T. H. McGrath, A. McNab, C. Parkes, I. Polyakov, A. R. Wiederhold & H. Yeung
Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
P. Alvarez Cartelle, J. Bex, J. S. Butter, C. Chen, H. V. Cliff, D. Foulds-Holt, Q. Führing, T. Q. Gao, V. Gibson, C. R. Jones, J. Juan Castella, M. Kenzie, T. Long, L. R. Madhan Mohan, F. Swystun, C. White, R. Williams, S. A. Wotton & Y. Wu
LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
R. Amalric, E. Ben-Haim, P. Billoir, A. Caillet, M. Charles, A. Correia, L. Del Buono, F. I. Giasemis, V. V. Gligorov, E. Mariani, F. Polci, J. A. Rodriguez Lopez & P. Vincent
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
S. Amato, I. R. Barbosa, G. Darze, L. De Paula, F. Ferreira Rodrigues, V. Franco Lima, M. Gandelman, C. Göbel, A. Hicheur, G. Loachamin Ordonez, J. H. Lopes, I. Nasteva, P. Nogarolli, J. M. Otalora Goicochea, E. Polycarpo, V. Ramos De Oliveira, M. S. Rangel, B. Souza De Paula & B. Vivacqua
School of Physics State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
L. An, Y. Gao, Y. Guz, W. Hu, Y. J. Jiang, A. Konoplyannikov, Y. Luo, Z. M. Mu, Q. Q. Qian, T. Rong, Y. Shang, Y. S. Song, X. Tong, G. Wan, J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wei, Y. Wu, X. Yang, Z. Yang, C. Y. Yu, C. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Z. Zheng & T. Zhou
INFN Sezione di Firenze, Florence, Italy
L. Anderlini, M. Barbetti, A. Bizzeti, G. Graziani, C. Lucarelli, G. Passaleva, L. Sestini & M. Veltri
INFN Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
M. Andreotti, M. Argenton, A. Balboni, W. Baldini, N. V. Biesuz, R. Bolzonella, C. Bozzi, R. Calabrese, L. Capriotti, G. Cavallero, V. Cavallini, M. Fiorini, E. Franzoso, C. Giugliano, M. Guarise, E. Luppi, S. Okamura, L. L. Pappalardo, B. Passalacqua, G. Romolini, A. Saputi, L. Tomassetti & S. Vecchi
INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
A. Anelli, M. Borsato, M. Calvi, S. Capelli, P. Carniti, D. Fazzini, C. Gotti, V. S. Kirsebom, M. Martinelli, A. Minotti, M. Pizzichemi & M. Salomoni
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
D. Ao, H. Bao, A. F. Campoverde Quezada, Z. Chen, Y. Fan, B. Fang, M. Feng, J. Fu, H. Gao, L. Hao, J. He, W. Huang, X. Jiang, Y. Jiang, P. Li, Q. Li, C. Lin, S. Liu, X.-R. Lyu, D. Miao, H. Miao, J. Peng, D. Popov, W. Qian, Z. Ren, S. Sheng, B. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Su, A. Wang, N. W. Wang, Z. Wu, Z. Xu, S. Yang, X. Yin, Y. Yuan, C. Zeng, J. Zhang, Y. Zheng, Y. Zhou, L. Z. Zhu & Q. Zou
INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
F. Archilli, F. M. Manganella, E. Santovetti & A. Satta
Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE), San Jose, Costa Rica
S. Arguedas Cuendis, S. Calderon Ramirez, R. Caravaca-Mora, F. Muñoz-Rojas & J. J. Saavedra-Arias
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
E. Aslanides, G. Benane, J. Cogan, V. Dedu, T. Fulghesu, B. K. Kutsenko, R. Le Gac, O. Leroy, C. Li, G. Mancinelli, A. G. Morris, A. Perro, A. Poluektov & D. vom Bruch
Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
R. Ataíde Da Silva, M. Bachmayer, A. Bay, F. Blanc, S. A. Bouchiba, A. Brea Rodriguez, S. Collaviti, E. Curras Rivera, M. Faria, L. M. Garcia Martin, E. Graverini, A.-K. Guseinov, G. Haefeli, L. Henry, D. Kaminaris, A. Kauniskangas, V. Lisovskyi, R. Marchevski, P. Mayencourt, A. Merli, T. Nakada, R. Ribatti, F. Ronchetti, O. Schneider, S. Schulte, L. Shchutska, Y. Song, R. Van Laak, A. Venkateswaran, E. Zaffaroni & G. Zunica
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
M. Atzeni, A. Beck, A. Casais Vidal, B. Delaney, E. Govorkova, O. Kitouni, K. Richardson, E. Smith & M. Williams
Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA) IRFU Sarclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
B. Audurier, C. Barbero Pretel, I. Corredoira, G. R. Ricart & M. Winn
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
D. Bacher, M. Bovill, K. L. Fischer, R. Gao, A. L. Gilman, F. Goncalves Abrantes, N. Harnew, M. John, I. Mackay, S. Malde, L. Martel, R. A. Mohammed, J. Patoc, P. K. Resmi, S. Stanislaus, F. Suljik, D. Vico Benet, G. Wilkinson & S. Zhang
Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IN2P3-LAPP, Annecy, France
I. Bachiller Perea, F. C. R. Bishop, M. Chefdeville, D. Decamp, J. F. Marchand, B. Pietrzyk & S. T’Jampens
Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
S. Bachmann, L. Carus, R. Caspary, S. Celani, C. Cocha Toapaxi, M. De Cian, L. Dittmann, S. Esen, F. C. Glaser, P. A. Günther, X. Han, S. Hansmann-Menzemer, P. Herrero Gascon, C. Langenbruch, B. Leverington, J. Marks, M. P. Morgenthaler, S. R. Roy, M. Ruiz Diaz, M. D. Tat, G. Tuci, L. H. Uecker, D. J. Unverzagt, U. Uwer, C. Wang, Y. Zhao & A. Zhelezov
Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
V. Balagura, O. Boente Garcia, F. Fleuret, C. Gu, Q. Lu, K. R. Mattioli, E. Maurice, G. R. Ricart & R. Sadek
Pontifcia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
I. R. Barbosa, C. Göbel, G. Loachamin Ordonez & V. Ramos De Oliveira
INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
M. Barnyakov, A. Carbone, F. Ferrari, M. Fontana, D. Galli, D. Manuzzi, U. Marconi, C. Patrignani, S. Perazzini, E. Shmanin, E. Spedicato, V. Vagnoni, G. Valenti, A. Villa & F. Zenesini
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
W. Barter, F. Betti, A. Bohare, E. Buchanan, P. E. L. Clarke, R. Currie, S. Eisenhardt, K. Farmer, S. Gambetta, M. Kane, Y. Liu, F. Muheim, M. Needham, F. Oliva, O. Ozcelik, K. Prasanth, M. Richardson-Slipper, G. Sarpis, L. Soares Lavra, B. Urbach, C. Vrahas & M. R. J. Williams
I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
J. M. Basels, J. Heuel, H. Jage, T. Kirn, R. D. Moise, T. Oeser, H. Sazak, S. Schael, S. Schmitt, G. Schwering & V. Zhukov
AGH - University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
S. Bashir, M. Firlej, T. Fiutowski, W. Gomulka, S. Hashmi, M. Idzik, J. Moron, A. Oblakowska-Mucha, J. Ryzka, K. Swientek, T. Szumlak & A. Ukleja
Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, China
B. Batsukh, S. Chen, M. Feng, X. Jiang, P.-R. Li, Q. Li, Y. Li, K. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Liu, D. Miao, Q. Niu, G. Panshin, J. Peng, M. Saur, S. Sheng, M. Tobin, H. Wang, J. Wang, Y. W. Wang, Z. Xiang, Z. Xu, X. Yuan, Y. Yuan, C. Zeng & Q. Zou
INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
F. Bedeschi, S. Kholodenko, N. Kleijne, F. Lazzari, M. J. Morello, F. Paciolla, D. Passaro, L. Pica, G. Punzi, M. Rama, D. Riccardi, F. Terzuoli, J. Walsh & A. Xu
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
I. B. Bediaga, P. Camargo Magalhaes, M. Cruz Torres, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca, J. M. De Miranda, A. C. dos Reis, L. N. Falcao, M. Feo, A. Massafferri, L. Santoro, D. Sundfeld & D. Torres Machado
INFN Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy
I. Belov, R. Cardinale, S. Ghizzo, A. Petrolini, A. Sergi, E. Spadaro Norella & Y. Yang
INFN Sezione di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
I. Belyaev, V. Chulikov, G. Martellotti, D. Pinci, R. Santacesaria & C. Satriano
DS4DS, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
S. Bernet Andres, M. Calvo Gomez, V. Chobanova, J. Dalseno, E. Golobardes, D. Martinez Santos, A. Martorell i Granollers, C. Prouve, C. Trippl, C. Vázquez Sierra, X. Vilasis-Cardona & J. Wendel
INFN Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy
A. Bertolin, F. Borgato, L. Buonincontri, A. Gavrikov, L. Giambastiani, Q. Han, D. Lucchesi, A. Lupato, G. Simi & D. Zuliani
Taras Schevchenko University of Kyiv, Faculty of Physics, Kyiv, Ukraine
O. Bezshyyko & L. Golinka-Bezshyyko
Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
J. Bhom, J. T. Borsuk, J. Brodzicka, A. Chernov, M. Chrzaszcz, P. Duda, M. W. Dudek, M. M. Duras, A. Dziurda, L. Felkowski, M. A. Giza, M. Goncerz, I. Juszczak, M. K. Kazanecki, S. Kubis, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, J. J. Malczewski, M. Witek & M. Zdybal
Imperial College London, London, UK
M. Birch, S. Ely, A. Golutvin, J. Herd, D. Lancierini, H. Linton, Y. L. Liu, A. Mauri, M. McCann, R. Murta, M. Patel, A. Schopper, M. Smith, H. Tilquin, E. van Herwijnen, X. W. Wang, D. Websdale & K. Yang
Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
A. Bizzeti
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, USA
T. Boettcher, J. D. Brandenburg, C. L. Da Silva, J. M. Durham, H. Pereira Da Costa, K. Smith, M. Stefaniak & H. Van Hecke
Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
C. S. Bolognani, M. Burgos Marcos, D. H. Campora Perez, X. Chiotopoulos, J. A. de Vries, M. Lucio Martinez, M. Merk, D. Nicotra, C. J. G. Onderwater, C. J. Pawley, J. Ruiz Vidal & K. Vos
School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
R. B. Bonacci, S. Dekkers, U. Egede, Y. Fujii, T. Hadavizadeh, T. H. Harris, R. D. L. Henderson, J. J. Lane, F. L. Liu, M. Monk, R. Song, E. J. Walton & J. A. Ward
Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
J. T. Borsuk, P. Duda, M. M. Duras, L. Felkowski & S. Kubis
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
J. D. Brandenburg & M. Stefaniak
INFN Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
D. Brundu, S. Cadeddu, A. Cardini, A. Contu, C. De Angelis, F. Dettori, F. Dordei, F. Fabiano, S. Kotriakhova, A. Lai, A. Lampis, R. Litvinov, A. Loi, G. Manca, R. Oldeman, L. Piccolo, D. Provenzano, B. Saitta, J. Sun & M. Verdoglia
School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
H. Cai, L. Sun, Y. Tang, J. Wang & X. Wu
Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
H. Cai, H. Chang, X. Dai, C. Dong, W. Duan, G. Gong, J. Hu, X. Hu, Y. Kang, A. Li, C. Li, H. Li, T. Li, Z. Lian, G. Liu, G. M. Ma, F. M. Meng, H. Mu, X. Pan, N. Qin, S. Qu, Y. Song, L. Sun, Y. Tan, Y. Tang, D. Y. Tou, J. Wang, J. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Wu, S. Xian, L. Xu, M. Zeng, L. Zhang, Y. Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Z. Zheng & X. Zhu
ICCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
L. Calefice, A. Comerma-Montells, P. Garcia Moreno, L. Garrido, A. Gioventù, S. Gomez Fernandez, E. Graugés, P. Laguarta Gonzalez, A. Lobo Salvia, A. Lopez Huertas, R. Manera Escalero, C. Marin Benito, J. Mauricio, M. Ribalda Galvez, A. Rodriguez Alvarez, R. Vazquez Gomez & P. Vidrier Villalba
INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
S. Cesare, P. Gandini, C. Mancuso, D. Marangotto, N. Neri, F. Redi, G. Tonani, T. Tork, Z. Wang & T. X. Xing
Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine
S. Chernyshenko, V. Dobishuk, S. Koliiev, O. Kot, O. Kshyvanskyi, V. Lukashenko, O. Okhrimenko & V. Pugatch
Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
V. Chobanova, J. Dalseno, D. Martinez Santos, C. Prouve, C. Vázquez Sierra & J. Wendel
Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele, Romania
L. Cojocariu, A. Ene, A. T. Grecu, F. Maciuc & V. Placinta
INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
L. Congedo, P. d’Argent, M. De Serio, F. Debernardis, R. A. Fini, G. Galati, A. Palano, M. Pappagallo, A. Pastore & S. Simone
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
C. Coronel, M. Elashri, S. Faghih, N. A. Grieser, C. Henderson, P. Ilten, J. W. Kautz, B. Meadows, G. Nowak, C. Pappenheimer, M. J. Peters, J. P. Pfaller, V. Romanovskiy, M. D. Sokoloff & M. K. Wilkinson
School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha City, China
L. Dai, T. Li, J. Yu & S. Zhang
Institute of Particle Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
L. Dai, J. Deng, Y. Gao, K. G. Garg, R. Hou, J. Li, K. Li, M. Li, S. Li, T. Li, Y. Li, D. Liu, W. Liu, G. Wang, X. Wang, J. Wu, Y. Xie, H. Yin, J. Yu, D. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Zhou & X. Zhu
Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
K. De Bruyn, D. Martinez Gomez, M. Mulder, A. Perrevoort & A. Sarnatskiy
Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
B. Dey, O. D. Durmus, D. Sahoo, M. Singha & A. Upadhyay
School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
A. M. Donohoe, A. John Rubesh Rajan, K. Lynch & R. McNulty
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
W. Duan, J. Hu, H. Li, T. Li, G. Liu, X. Wang & S. Xian
INFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
V. Duk, L. Fantini, G. Martelli & M. Piccini
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
S. Easo, L. Girardey, T. Lin, A. Modak, R. Nandakumar, A. Papanestis, S. Ricciardi, A. Rogovskiy & F. F. Wilson
Universität Bonn - Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen und Kernphysik, Bonn, Germany
E. Eckstein, J. P. Grabowski, K. Habermann, S. Neubert, P. Nogga, K. O. Padeken, H. Schmitz & N. S. Sommerfeld
Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia, Spain
A. Fernandez Casani, S. J. Jaimes Elles, B. K. Jashal, S. Libralon, F. Martinez Vidal, J. Mazorra de Cos, A. Oyanguren, M. Rebollo De Miguel, I. Sanderswood & J. Zhuo
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
A. D. Fernez, M. Franco Sevilla, P. Gardner, C. Hadjivasiliou, P. M. Hamilton, A. Jawahery, E. Jiang & L. Meyer Garcia
Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
M. Gersabeck, F. Reiss & M. Sarpis
National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
H. K. Giemza, S. Joshi, K. Klimaszewski, M. R. Kmiec, W. Krzemien, M. Mazurek, D. Melnychuk, A. Padee, A. Szabelski & W. Wislicki
Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
S. J. Jaimes Elles, D. A. Milanes & J. A. Rodriguez Lopez
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
D. Johnson, C. Lazzeroni, M. J. Madurai, N. Sahoo, M. W. Slater, D. J. D. Thompson, F. C. Volle, N. K. Watson & E. Whiter
NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
S. Kandybei, A. Korchin, I. Kyryllin & V. Mytrochenko
Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
S. Klaver, G. Raven, M. Senghi Soares & A. Usachov
Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
P.-R. Li, K. Liu, Y. Liu, Q. Niu, M. Saur, H. Wang & Y. W. Wang
Ruhr Universitaet Bochum, Fakultaet f. Physik und Astronomie, Bochum, Germany
M. Mikhasenko, D. Parmar, I. Segal & M. Stahl
Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
M. Sarpis
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
M. Schmelling & M. Zavertyaev
Lamarr Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Dortmund, Germany
J. Albrecht

Consortia

LHCb Collaboration

R. Aaij
, A. S. W. Abdelmotteleb
, C. Abellan Beteta
, F. Abudinén
, T. Ackernley
, A. A. Adefisoye
, B. Adeva
, M. Adinolfi
, P. Adlarson
, C. Agapopoulou
, C. A. Aidala
, Z. Ajaltouni
, S. Akar
, K. Akiba
, P. Albicocco
, J. Albrecht
, F. Alessio
, M. Alexander
, Z. Aliouche
, P. Alvarez Cartelle
, R. Amalric
, S. Amato
, J. L. Amey
, Y. Amhis
, L. An
, L. Anderlini
, M. Andersson
, A. Andreianov
, P. Andreola
, M. Andreotti
, D. Andreou
, A. Anelli
, D. Ao
, F. Archilli
, M. Argenton
, S. Arguedas Cuendis
, A. Artamonov
, M. Artuso
, E. Aslanides
, R. Ataíde Da Silva
, M. Atzeni
, B. Audurier
, D. Bacher
, I. Bachiller Perea
, S. Bachmann
, M. Bachmayer
, J. J. Back
, P. Baladron Rodriguez
, V. Balagura
, A. Balboni
, W. Baldini
, L. Balzani
, H. Bao
, J. Baptista de Souza Leite
, C. Barbero Pretel
, M. Barbetti
, I. R. Barbosa
, R. J. Barlow
, M. Barnyakov
, S. Barsuk
, W. Barter
, J. Bartz
, J. M. Basels
, S. Bashir
, B. Batsukh
, P. B. Battista
, A. Bay
, A. Beck
, M. Becker
, F. Bedeschi
, I. B. Bediaga
, N. A. Behling
, S. Belin
, K. Belous
, I. Belov
, I. Belyaev
, G. Benane
, G. Bencivenni
, E. Ben-Haim
, A. Berezhnoy
, R. Bernet
, S. Bernet Andres
, A. Bertolin
, C. Betancourt
, F. Betti
, J. Bex
, Ia. Bezshyiko
, O. Bezshyyko
, J. Bhom
, M. S. Bieker
, N. V. Biesuz
, P. Billoir
, A. Biolchini
, M. Birch
, F. C. R. Bishop
, A. Bitadze
, A. Bizzeti
, T. Blake
, F. Blanc
, J. E. Blank
, S. Blusk
, V. Bocharnikov
, J. A. Boelhauve
, O. Boente Garcia
, T. Boettcher
, A. Bohare
, A. Boldyrev
, C. S. Bolognani
, R. Bolzonella
, R. B. Bonacci
, N. Bondar
, A. Bordelius
, F. Borgato
, S. Borghi
, M. Borsato
, J. T. Borsuk
, E. Bottalico
, S. A. Bouchiba
, M. Bovill
, T. J. V. Bowcock
, A. Boyer
, C. Bozzi
, J. D. Brandenburg
, A. Brea Rodriguez
, N. Breer
, J. Brodzicka
, A. Brossa Gonzalo
, J. Brown
, D. Brundu
, E. Buchanan
, L. Buonincontri
, M. Burgos Marcos
, A. T. Burke
, C. Burr
, J. S. Butter
, J. Buytaert
, W. Byczynski
, S. Cadeddu
, H. Cai
, A. Caillet
, R. Calabrese
, S. Calderon Ramirez
, L. Calefice
, S. Cali
, M. Calvi
, M. Calvo Gomez
, P. Camargo Magalhaes
, J. I. Cambon Bouzas
, P. Campana
, D. H. Campora Perez
, A. F. Campoverde Quezada
, S. Capelli
, L. Capriotti
, R. Caravaca-Mora
, A. Carbone
, L. Carcedo Salgado
, R. Cardinale
, A. Cardini
, P. Carniti
, L. Carus
, A. Casais Vidal
, R. Caspary
, G. Casse
, M. Cattaneo
, G. Cavallero
, V. Cavallini
, S. Celani
, S. Cesare
, A. J. Chadwick
, I. Chahrour
, H. Chang
, M. Charles
, Ph. Charpentier
, E. Chatzianagnostou
, M. Chefdeville
, C. Chen
, S. Chen
, Z. Chen
, A. Chernov
, S. Chernyshenko
, X. Chiotopoulos
, V. Chobanova
, M. Chrzaszcz
, A. Chubykin
, V. Chulikov
, P. Ciambrone
, X. Cid Vidal
, G. Ciezarek
, P. Cifra
, P. E. L. Clarke
, M. Clemencic
, H. V. Cliff
, J. Closier
, C. Cocha Toapaxi
, V. Coco
, J. Cogan
, E. Cogneras
, L. Cojocariu
, S. Collaviti
, P. Collins
, T. Colombo
, M. Colonna
, A. Comerma-Montells
, L. Congedo
, A. Contu
, N. Cooke
, C. Coronel
, I. Corredoira
, A. Correia
, G. Corti
, J. Cottee Meldrum
, B. Couturier
, D. C. Craik
, M. Cruz Torres
, E. Curras Rivera
, R. Currie
, C. L. Da Silva
, S. Dadabaev
, L. Dai
, X. Dai
, E. Dall’Occo
, J. Dalseno
, C. D’Ambrosio
, J. Daniel
, A. Danilina
, P. d’Argent
, G. Darze
, A. Davidson
, J. E. Davies
, O. De Aguiar Francisco
, C. De Angelis
, F. De Benedetti
, J. de Boer
, K. De Bruyn
, S. De Capua
, M. De Cian
, U. De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca
, E. De Lucia
, J. M. De Miranda
, L. De Paula
, M. De Serio
, P. De Simone
, F. De Vellis
, J. A. de Vries
, F. Debernardis
, D. Decamp
, V. Dedu
, S. Dekkers
, L. Del Buono
, B. Delaney
, H.-P. Dembinski
, J. Deng
, V. Denysenko
, O. Deschamps
, F. Dettori
, B. Dey
, P. Di Nezza
, I. Diachkov
, S. Didenko
, S. Ding
, L. Dittmann
, V. Dobishuk
, A. D. Docheva
, C. Dong
, A. M. Donohoe
, F. Dordei
, A. C. dos Reis
, A. D. Dowling
, W. Duan
, P. Duda
, M. W. Dudek
, L. Dufour
, V. Duk
, P. Durante
, M. M. Duras
, J. M. Durham
, O. D. Durmus
, A. Dziurda
, A. Dzyuba
, S. Easo
, E. Eckstein
, U. Egede
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Correspondence to X. Yang.

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 1 Mass distributions of the control channel together with the fit projections.

Displayed are the mass distributions for the control channel: (a) \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to {\Lambda }_{c}^{+}{\pi }^{-}\), (b) \({\bar{\Lambda }}_{b}^{0}\to {\bar{\Lambda }}_{c}^{-}{\pi }^{+}\).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Distributions of two-body and three-body masses of final-state particles.

The mass distributions of (a) pK⁻ and (b) π⁺π⁻, corresponding to the \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R(p{K}^{-})R({\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-})\) phase-space region; (c) pπ⁻ and (d) K⁻π⁺, corresponding to the \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R(p{\pi }^{-})R({K}^{-}{\pi }^{+})\) phase-space region; (e) pπ⁺π⁻, representing the \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R(p{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}){K}^{-}\) phase-space region; and (f) K⁻π⁺π⁻, representing the \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R({K}^{-}{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-})p\) phase-space region. The \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\) and \({\bar{\Lambda }}_{b}^{0}\) samples are combined for the plots.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Mass distributions in regions of phase space with the fit projections also shown.

Mass distributions of \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to p{K}^{-}{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\) and \({\bar{\Lambda }}_{b}^{0}\to \overline{p}{K}^{+}{\pi }^{-}{\pi }^{+}\) for (a, b) \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R(p{K}^{-})R({\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-})\), (c, d) \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R(p{\pi }^{-})R({\pi }^{+}{K}^{-})\), and (e, f) \({\Lambda }_{b}^{0}\to R({K}^{-}{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-})p\) decays.

Extended Data Table 1 Nuisance asymmetry differences between signal and control channels for Runs 1 and 2

Extended Data Table 2 Systematic uncertainties of the global \({\boldsymbol{\mathcal{A}}}_{{\boldsymbol{C}}{\boldsymbol{P}}}\) measurement for Runs 1 and 2

Supplementary information

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LHCb Collaboration. Observation of charge–parity symmetry breaking in baryon decays. Nature 643, 1223–1228 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09119-3

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Received: 11 March 2025
Accepted: 08 May 2025
Published: 16 July 2025
Issue Date: 31 July 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09119-3

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